debootstrap是debian及其附属分支下的一个工具，用来构建一套基本的系统(根文件系统)。生成的目录符合Linux文件系统标准(FHS)，即包含了/boot、/etc、/bin、/usr等等目录，但它比发行版本的Linux体积小很多
debootstrap介绍 啥是debootstrap debootstrap是debian及其附属分支下的一个工具，用来构建一套基本的系统(根文件系统)。生成的目录符合Linux文件系统标准(FHS)，即包含了/boot、/etc、/bin、/usr等等目录，但它比发行版本的Linux体积小很多
似曾相识燕归来
debootstrap有啥用 debootstrap可以用来快速 简便的构建一个最小化的debian及其附属分支的最小化rootfs
我们可以用其构建一个最小化的rootfs (主要是这个相较于 Ubuntu Server版本还是小得多)
如何使用debootstrap 其实 使用debootstrap很简单 它已经被放入到默认源了 我们只需要apt install即可
1 sudo apt install debootstrap
如何使用呢 自己看 详情wiki
1 sudo debootstrap [--arch 架构（可选项）][发行版本] [目录] [映像源（可选项）]
开始动手构建自己的Ubuntu 我们这里使用Ubuntu Server 20.04作为Live CD来进行构建
进入Shell并安装debootstrap
点击Help
Enter Shell
（可选）修改sources.list
update sourcelist并安装debootstrap
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 $ sudo apt update && apt install debootstrap Ign:1 cdrom://Ubuntu-Server 20.04 LTS _Focal Fossa_ - Release amd64 (20200423) focal InRelease Hit:2 cdrom://Ubuntu-Server 20.04 LTS _Focal Fossa_ - Release amd64 (20200423) focal Release Get:4 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal InRelease [265 kB] Get:5 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease [107 kB] Get:6 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-backports InRelease [98.3 kB] Get:7 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-security InRelease [107 kB] Get:8 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 Packages [970 kB] Get:9 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/main Translation-en [506 kB] Get:10 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 c-n-f Metadata [29.5 kB] Get:11 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/restricted amd64 Packages [22.0 kB] Get:12 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/restricted Translation-en [6212 B] Get:13 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/restricted amd64 c-n-f Metadata [392 B] Get:14 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 Packages [8628 kB] Get:15 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/universe Translation-en [5124 kB] Get:16 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 c-n-f Metadata [265 kB] Get:17 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/multiverse amd64 Packages [144 kB] Get:18 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/multiverse Translation-en [104 kB] Get:19 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/multiverse amd64 c-n-f Metadata [9136 B] Get:20 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 Packages [197 kB] Get:21 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main Translation-en [77.7 kB] Get:22 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 c-n-f Metadata [5676 B] Get:23 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/restricted amd64 Packages [11.0 kB] Get:24 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/restricted Translation-en [3000 B] Get:25 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/restricted amd64 c-n-f Metadata [116 B] Get:26 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 Packages [110 kB] Get:27 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe Translation-en [51.9 kB] Get:28 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 c-n-f Metadata [4092 B] Get:29 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/multiverse amd64 Packages [1172 B] Get:30 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/multiverse Translation-en [540 B] Get:31 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/multiverse amd64 c-n-f Metadata [116 B] Get:32 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-backports/main amd64 c-n-f Metadata [112 B] Get:33 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-backports/restricted amd64 c-n-f Metadata [116 B] Get:34 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-backports/universe amd64 Packages [2784 B] Get:35 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-backports/universe Translation-en [1272 B] Get:36 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-backports/universe amd64 c-n-f Metadata [192 B] Get:37 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-backports/multiverse amd64 c-n-f Metadata [116 B] Get:38 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-security/main amd64 Packages [106 kB] Get:46 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-security/universe amd64 c-n-f Metadata [1612 B] Get:47 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-security/multiverse amd64 Packages [1172 B] Get:48 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-security/multiverse Translation-en [540 B] Get:49 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-security/multiverse amd64 c-n-f Metadata [116 B] Fetched 17.1 MB in 6s (3096 kB/s) Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done 65 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them. Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Suggested packages: arch-test squid-deb-proxy-client The following NEW packages will be installed: debootstrap 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 65 not upgraded. Need to get 39.4 kB of archives. After this operation, 299 kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 debootstrap all 1.0.118ubuntu1.1 [39.4 kB] Fetched 39.4 kB in 0s (221 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package debootstrap. (Reading database ... 33860 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../debootstrap_1.0.118ubuntu1.1_all.deb ... Unpacking debootstrap (1.0.118ubuntu1.1) ... Setting up debootstrap (1.0.118ubuntu1.1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... $ debootstrap I: usage: [OPTION]... <suite> <target> [<mirror> [<script>]] I: Try `debootstrap --help ' for more information. E: You must specify a suite and a target.
给硬盘分区 这步没啥好说的 用cfdisk进行分区 使用mkfs.ext4来格式化硬盘（请记住如何分区的！！！！（后面编写fstab会涉及到））
/dev路径 挂载位置 分区模式 作用 /dev/sda1 /boot fat32 负责efi引导 /dev/sda2 swap swap 内存交换 /dev/sda3 / ext4 根目录
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 $ mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3 mke2fs 1.45.5 (07-Jan-2020) Creating filesystem with 9311995 4k blocks and 2330160 inodes Filesystem UUID: fbe7f7fe-1997-4ab3-929f-52aa73aa72eb Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (65536 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done $ mkswap /dev/sda2 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4 GiB (4294963200 bytes)s no label, UUID=9fe83e8e-cd78-4a25-8a1e-ab305181c46d $ swapon /dev/sda2 $ mkfs.vfat /dev/sda1 mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24)
挂载分区并释放rootfs 这里构建选择最新的Focal X86_64位
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 $ mkdir /target $ mount /dev/sda3 /target $ debootstrap focal /target http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu I: Retrieving InRelease I: Checking Release signature I: Valid Release signature (key id F6ECB3762474EDA9D21B7022871920D1991BC93C) I: Retrieving Packages I: Validating Packages I: Resolving dependencies of required packages... I: Resolving dependencies of base packages... I: Checking component main on http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu... I: Retrieving adduser 3.118ubuntu2 I: Validating adduser 3.118ubuntu2 I: Retrieving apt 2.0.2 I: Validating apt 2.0.2 ………………………………………………………… I: Configuring console-setup... I: Configuring kbd... I: Configuring ubuntu-minimal... I: Configuring libc-bin... I: Configuring systemd... I: Configuring ca-certificates... I: Base system installed successfully.
chroot并进行基本设置 修改软件源 默认rootfs中的软件源不完整 我们这里cp一下live cd的软件源
1 cp /etc/apt/sources.list /target/etc/apt/sources.list;sed -i 3d /target/etc/apt/sources.list
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 $ cat >> /target/etc/apt/sources.list << EOF # See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to # newer versions of the distribution. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted ## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the ## distribution. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any ## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal universe # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal universe deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in ## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu ## security team. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal multiverse # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates multiverse # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates multiverse ## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as ## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes ## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features. ## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review ## or updates from the Ubuntu security team. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse ## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's ## 'partner' repository. ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the ## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users. # deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal partner # deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal partner deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security universe # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security universe deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security multiverse # deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security multiverse
编写fstab 这里推荐一下这篇文章 linux之fstab文件详解 来自csdn richerg85
fstab主要由这几部分组成
1 2 <file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> （/dev下的位置）（挂载位置）（文件系统）（挂载参数）（dump 工具通过它决定何时作备份）（fsck 读取 <pass> 的数值来决定需要检查的文件系统的检查顺序。）
这里以我的fstab文件作为实例
1 2 3 4 $ cat >> /target/etc/fstab << EOF tmpfs /tmp tmpfs nodev,nosuid 0 0 /dev/sda2 none swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sda3 / ext4 defaults,noatime 0 0
chroot进入系统 先挂载efi分区
1 2 mkdir /target/boot/efi && \ mount /dev/sda1 /target/boot/efi
挂载proc等分区
1 for i in /dev /dev/pts /proc /sys /run; do sudo mount -B $i /target$i ; done
挂载并安装grub和kernel(这里安装的是虚拟化内核)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 $ sudo chroot /target $ sudo passwd New password: Retype new password: passwd: password updated successfully $ sudo apt install grub-efi-amd64 linux-virtual -y Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following additional packages will be installed: efibootmgr gettext-base grub-common grub-efi-amd64-bin grub-efi-amd64-signed grub2-common libefiboot1 libefivar1 libfreetype6 libfuse2 libpng16-16 linux-headers-generic linux-headers-virtual os-prober sbsigntool secureboot-db Suggested packages: rvice. Running in chroot, ignoring request: daemon-reload Running in chroot, ignoring request: is-active Running in chroot, ignoring request: start Setting up libefiboot1:amd64 (37-2ubuntu2) ... Setting up linux-virtual (5.4.0.26.32) ... Setting up libfreetype6:amd64 (2.10.1-2) ... Setting up efibootmgr (17-1) ... Setting up grub-common (2.04-1ubuntu26) ... Running in chroot, ignoring request: daemon-reload Running in chroot, ignoring request: daemon-reload Running in chroot, ignoring request: is-active Running in chroot, ignoring request: restart update-rc.d: warning: start and stop actions are no longer supported; falling back to defaults Running in chroot, ignoring request: daemon-reload Running in chroot, ignoring request. Running in chroot, ignoring request: daemon-reload Running in chroot, ignoring request: is-active Running in chroot, ignoring request: restart Setting up os-prober (1.74ubuntu2) ... Setting up grub-efi-amd64-bin (2.04-1ubuntu26) ... Setting up grub2-common (2.04-1ubuntu26) ... Setting up grub-efi-amd64 (2.04-1ubuntu26) ... Setting up grub-efi-amd64-signed (1.142+2.04-1ubuntu26) ... Processing triggers for systemd (245.4-4ubuntu3) ... Running in chroot, ignoring request: daemon-reload Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9) ...
安装grub2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 $ grub-install /dev/sda update-grub Installing for x86_64-efi platform. Installation finished. No error reported. $ update-grub Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub' Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub.d/init-select.cfg' Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.4.0-26-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.4.0-26-generic Adding boot menu entry for UEFI Firmware Settings done
设置网络 Ubuntu 18.04及其上的Server版本默认使用systemd-networkd联网
先使用ip a获取设备
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 $ ip a 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:9d:a0:73 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 192.168.57.140/24 brd 192.168.57.255 scope global dynamic ens33 valid_lft 5433596sec preferred_lft 5433596sec inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe9d:a073/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
配置所有网卡DHCP联网
1 2 3 4 5 $ cat >> /etc/systemd/network/ens33.network << EOF [Match] Name=* [Network] DHCP=both
重启 PS: 第一次开机会有一点点慢（就亿点点）
重启并配置网络 启动systemd-networkd
1 2 3 4 5 $ systemctl enable --now systemd-networkd Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.freedesktop.network1.service → /lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd.service. Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/systemd-networkd.service → /lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd.service. Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/sockets.target.wants/systemd-networkd.socket → /lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd.socket. Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/network-online.target.wants/systemd-networkd-wait-online.service → /lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd-wait-online.service.
修改hostname并添加hosts
1 2 3 4 5 6 $ hostnamectl set-hostname vm-ubuntu-test $ cat >> /etc/hosts << EOF 127.0.0.1 vm-ubuntu-test localhost ::1 vm-ubuntu-test localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback ff02::1 ip6-allnodes ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
最后reboot生效
享受全新的ubuntu体验吧
